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Zinoni F, Birkmann A, Stadtman, TC, et al (1986) Nucleotide sequence and expression of the selenocysteine-containing polypeptide of formate dehydrogenase (formate-hydrogen-lyase-linked) from Escherichia coli. Panchenko AR, Luthery-Schulten Z, Wolynes PG (1996) Foldons, protein structural modules, and exons. Maity H, Maity M, Krishna M, et al (2005) Protein folding: The stepwise assembly of foldon units. Goldstein RA, Luthey-Schulten, Wolynes PG (1992) Optimal protein-folding codes from spin-glass theory. Science 267:1619.īryngelson JD, Wolynes PG (1987) Spin glasses and the statistical mechanics of protein folding. Wolynes PG, Onuchic JN, Thirumalai D (1995) Navigating the folding routes. Stein DL (1985) A model of protein conformational substates. Adv Protein Chem: 14:1.įersht A (1999) Structure and mechanism in protein science: A guide to enzyme catalysis and protein folding. Kauzmann W (1959) Some factors in the interpretation of protein denaturation. (1995) Funnels, pathways, and the energy landscape of protein folding: a synthesis. PNAS: 89:8721.īryngelson JD, Onuchic JN, Socci ND, et al. (1992)Protein folding funnels: A kinetic approach to the sequence-structure relationship. Levinthal C (1968) Are there pathways for protein foldin? Extrait J Chim Phys 65:44ĭill KA, MacCallum JL (2012) The protein-folding problem, 50 years on. Effects of hypoxia on protein structure are discussed. This chapter defines and describes intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPR) and their functions. Other forces that stabilize the folded structure are described. The ice-like blanket that surrounds a protein and its effects on folding are described in this chapter. The 20 amino acid building blocks of proteins are enumerated in this chapter. Regions of amino acids called foldons are described. This chapter describes the spin glass theory which also visualizes protein folding. This chapter describes the funnel and how it relates to three-dimensional protein structure. The manner in which the protein folds is visualized by an energy landscape called a protein folding funnel. Amino acid sequences determine the folded structure of proteins. This chapter (The Amino Acid Sequences of Proteins Determine Folding and Non-folding) continues where Chap.